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AI’s Role in Future Aerial Dogfights

The future of aerial combat is evolving, and at the heart of this change is artificial intelligence (AI). Both the UK and US air forces are exploring how AI can enhance their dogfighting capabilities. These advancements promise to reshape the landscape of aerial combat. However, understanding this evolution requires a deep dive into how these technologies are being developed and tested.

From training simulations to real-world applications, AI is showing remarkable progress. Companies and military organizations are racing to perfect AI systems that can assist or even outperform human pilots. This raises intriguing questions about the future role of AI in military operations and its potential to transform air combat strategies.

AI in Dogfights

The use of artificial intelligence (AI) in aerial dogfights has been a point of interest for both the UK and US air forces. The aim is to create an AI co-pilot that can assist human pilots during combat. One such AI, developed by Turkish aerospace engineers for BAE Systems, has already shown promise. According to Emre Saldiran, the AI picked up fighting tactics through trial and error. This process involved feeding the AI more and more data to improve its decision-making capabilities. Mr Saldiran’s colleague, Mevlϋt Uzun, explained that training the AI is akin to guiding a child through numerous mistakes.

AI’s Role in Simulators

The British AI doesn’t just operate in real skies; it also plays a crucial role in sophisticated warfighting simulators. The AI offers valuable advice to pilots, such as when to slow down or speed up. It can even evaluate an emerging dogfight and warn of a high probability of losing if engaged. This quick decision-making capability could be a game-changer. However, the creators are quick to note that the AI is not a replacement for human pilots.

US Air Force Developments

In 2023, the US Air Force showcased its own advanced AI dogfighter. This AI was capable of flying an F-16 jet during combat manoeuvres. The development was the result of years of work and competitions like the AlphaDogfight Trials Event in 2020. Eight US AI companies participated in this event, where their AIs went head-to-head in simulated dogfights. Brett Darcy from Shield AI was part of the winning team. He noted that their AI broke traditional air fighting rules, using innovative tactics that proved effective.

The Evolution of AI Dogfighters

AI dogfighters have evolved rapidly, demonstrating capabilities that can rival experienced pilots. For instance, the winning AI from the AlphaDogfight Trials was invited to join Darpa’s Air Combat Evolution (ACE) project. The AI controlling an F-16 jet during combat was a distant descendant of the software developed by Darcy’s team in 2020. Despite this rapid development, AI still has a long way to go. According to Darcy, AI must gain immense trust and seamlessly integrate with other forces to be effective.

Challenges and Limitations

A significant challenge for AI pilots is gaining the trust of human controllers and explaining their actions. This aspect is crucial for debriefing and understanding the AI’s decisions. The UK’s approach to AI dogfighters is notably different from the US. British AI focuses solely on combat manoeuvres, speeding up the development process. This approach has led to the AI learning air-to-air combat tactics from easily accessible sources like Wikipedia. This tactic avoids classified information and accelerates the project’s pace.

AI’s Performance Against Human Pilots

Ben Westoby-Brooks, a former RAF Typhoon pilot, tested the British AI dogfighter. Although he managed to defeat the AI, he acknowledged its potential. The AI might not replace extensive flight experience, but it could enhance online combat exercises and reduce pilot overload in real scenarios. The use of AI in aerial dogfights is not just about replacing human pilots but making air combat safer and more efficient.

Future Prospects

Looking ahead, the future of AI in aerial dogfights seems promising. AI systems are continually evolving, and their integration into military operations is becoming more feasible. With AI capable of quick decision-making and offering tactical advice, the role of human pilots could shift towards more strategic functions. The ongoing advancements in AI technology promise to make air combat not only safer but also more effective.


In summary, the advent of AI in aerial dogfights marks a significant shift in modern warfare. From the UK’s streamlined AI focusing on combat moves to the US’s sophisticated F-16 pilots, AI is redefining the limits of air combat. While human pilots continue to play a crucial role, these advancements promise to enhance safety and efficiency in the skies.

The continuous evolution and integration of AI technology into military operations indicate a promising future. As these systems become more advanced, they will not only assist in combat but also potentially transform strategic air combat approaches. The journey is ongoing, and the developments in this field are worth watching closely.